1 1562-5540 Crop Science Society of Iran 154 Special Effect of nitrogen and herbicide application on competition between wheat and wild oat 1 1 2011 12 4 364 376 22 02 2015 22 02 2015 To study wheat-wild oat competition in response to nitrogen and herbicide, an experiment was carried out in 2007-2008 cropping season in Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Ramin, North of Ahwaz, Iran. A split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg.ha-1) were assigned to main plotsand four herbicide levels (0, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 lit. Clodinafob Propargile.ha-1) hand weeding (control) were randomized in subplots. Results showed that nitrogen × herbicide interaction was significant on grain yield and dry matter of wheat and wild oat.Grain yield and dry matter of wheat significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen at lower herbicide levels. However, the application of higher doses of herbicide at higher nitrogen levels reduced grain yield and dry matter of wheat. IHowever, at lower nitrogen levels there was not significant difference between herbicide doses. Increasing nitrogen without herbicide or at lower level of herbicide doses also significantly increased dry matter of wild oat. The highest grain yield of wheat (4715.5 kg.ha-1) and lowest dry matter of wild oat (without weed) were obtained in 180 kg ha-1 of nitrogen and 1.2 lit.ha-1 of herbicide. The negative and significant correlation between dry matter production of wheat and wild oat, showed a rationale relationship between nitrogen and herbicide levels in term of competition between wheat and wild oat and dry matter production of them. This case showed probability of application of nitrogen interaction with herbicide in integrated management of wild oat in wheat cultivation.
155 Special Effect of water stress and foliar micronutrient application on physiological cahracteristics and nutrient uptake in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) 1 1 2011 12 4 377 391 22 02 2015 22 02 2015 To study the effect of foliar micronutrient application under water stress conditions at two stages of growth on chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll, proline and carbohydrates content, nutrient uptake and relation between them with grain yield of sunflower (cv. Alster), a field experimental in split plot design with three replications was conducted at the University of Zabol, in 2007 growing season.. Wter stress at three levels (control, flowering and grain filling stages) were assigned as main plots and seven micronutrient treatments Fe, Zn, Mn, Fe+Zn, Fe+Mn, Zn+Mn and Fe+Zn+Mn, were randomized in sub-plots. Results showed that water stress at two stages of growth significantly reduced grain yield. The impact of water stress was more pronounced when applied at grain filling and grain yield decreased by about %24.3. Foliar micronutrient application increased grain yield in water stress and application of Mn had the highest positive effect on grain yield. Chlorophyll fluorescence, free proline and total soluble carbohydrates content increased in water stress condition at both stages of growth. The highest concentration of these components were found in the flowering stage. Foliar application of micronutrients increased accumulation of these components, the highest chlorophyll fluorescence was found in Fe, chlorophyll in Fe+Mn, proline in Zn and carbohydrate in Fe+Zn+Mn treatments. In this study, the highest content of Fe and Mn elements were found in non-water stress (control) and the lowest of these elemnets were observed in water stress at the grain filling stage. It can be concluded that water stress at the grain filling stage had the most effect on reducing grain yield of sunflower. Although the highest chlorophyll fluorescence and concentrations of the osmotic regulators (carbohydrates and proline) were found in water stress at the flowering stage. Since water stress at the grain filling stage reduced the uptake of micronutrients, particularly Mn, therefore its effect on sunflower was more pronounced than water stress at the flowering stage. 156 Special The effect of terminal water stress on physiological cahracteristics and sink- source relations in two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars 1 1 2011 12 4 392 408 22 02 2015 22 02 2015 In arid and semi arid areas as Iran water stress at different grain growth stages is one of the major concerns for wheat production. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of two levels of water stress (at cell division and grain filling stages) on some physiological and biochemical characteristicss related to the sink-source relationship of two bread wheat cultivars (Marvdasht and Zagrose sensitive and resistant to post-anthesis water stress, respectively). A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used in greenhouse conditions. The treatments were two levels of water stress including (1) water stress (50% of FC) during fist 14 days following anthesis and re-watering (stage 1) and (2) water stress from 14 days after anthesis to physiological maturity (stage 2) and (3) control (the water status maintained at FC). In control treatment grain yield, biomass, 1000 grains weight and number of grains.spike-1 in Marvdasht was significantly greater than Zagrose. Water stress levels significantly reduced all traits in both cultivars, with greater effect on Marvdasht. Effect of wtare stress in stage 2 was more severe than in stage 1. Water stress significantly reduced photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a and b and soluble protein content in flag leaves of both cultivars. However, concentrations were higher in the flag leaf of Zagrose. The highest concentrations of IAA and ABA were observed in stage 1 and early stage 2, respectively. Water stress in grain filling stage significantly increased ABA in the grains of either cultivars. Based on these results, water stress during stage 2 had more effect on grain yield. Water stress during cell division (stage 1) with increased ABA and reduction IAA content might reduced cell division, while during grain filling (stage 2) increasing ABA content reduced enzyme activity and duration of grain filling, hence grain yield decreased. . 157 Special Effect of water stress on grain yield, yield components and quality of winter rapeseed (Brasica napus L.) cv. Licord 1 1 2011 12 4 409 421 22 02 2015 22 02 2015 To study the effect of water stress at different growth stages on seed yield and yield components and quality of winter rapeseed (Barassica napus L.) cv. Licord a field experiment was conducted at the experimental research field of Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, in 2004- 2005 and 2005- 2006 growing seasons. Experiment was performed using compelte randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. Treatments included full irrigation in all growth stages, water stress in vegetative stage in early spring, water stress in flowering and silique formation stages, water stress in grain filling stage and rainfed treatment with supplemental irrigation at planting time. Results showed that the rainfed treatment had the least and the full irrigation treatment had the maximum grain (980 and 3560 kg.ha-1, respectively) and oil yield (250 and 1280 kg.ha-1, respectively), respectively. Water stress had had revrese relationship with grain protein content. Full irrigation and water stress in flowering and silique formation stages had maximum(0.63 kg.m-3) and rainfed treatment had minimum (0.36 kg.m-3) water use productivity, respectively. Considering water use for grain and oil yields, it is concluded that vegetative stage in early spring is more tolerant to waters stress than grain filling stage in winter rapeseed under the conditions of this experiment. 158 Special Effect of deficit irrigation at reproductive growth stage on remobilization of dry matter in four sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) cultivars 1 1 2011 12 4 422 435 22 02 2015 22 02 2015 To study the effect of deficit irrigation at reproductive growth stage on quantity, efficiency and contribution of dry matter remobilization in four sunflower cultivars Azargol, Allstar, Alison and Euroflor, a field experiment was conducted at Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculturale, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran, in 2007 growing season. The experiment was arranged as split plot in complete randomized block design with three replications. The irrigation levels included full irrigation, deficit irrigation at heading, at flowering, at grain filing, at heading + grain filling and at flowering + grain filling stages. Results indicated that the highest grain yield was obtained from Euroflor with full irrigation treatment (75.1 g.plant -1). Deficit irrigation at grain filling stage had the lowest reduction in grain yield. The greatest remobilization was observed in cv. Alison with deficit irrigation at grain filling stage, cv. Allstar with deficit irrigation at flowering and grain filling stages followed by Euroflor with deficit irrigation at grain filling stage by 22.6, 22.4 and 22.1 g. plant -1, respectively. The highest efficiency and contribution of remobilization was observed in cv. Allstar with deficit irrigation at flowering and grain filling stages by 55.8% and 50.4%, respectively. cv. Azargol with deficit irrigation at heading stage had the lowest of remobilization and remobilization efficiency. It can be concluded that when water is limited, deficit irrigation at grain filling stage had the lowest reduction in grain yield due to remobilization of dry matter. 159 Special Evaluation of morpho-physiological characteristics, grain yield and its components in common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) 1 1 2011 12 4 436 451 22 02 2015 22 02 2015 To evaluate the morpho-physiological characteristics and to investigate the effect of some growth indices as well as the light extinction coefficient on the grain yield and its components in common beans, a filed experiment was conducted with 46 promising lines of white bean and two improved check cultivars “Dehghan” and “Daneshkadeh” at the research field of Karaj, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Iran, in 2008 growing season. The experiment was performed as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed significant differences among white bean genotypes for measured characteristics. Leaf area index and leaf area duration had positive and significant correlation with the grain yield, however, the correlation of light extinction coefficient with grain yield was not significant. There were positive and significant relationship between number of grain.plant-1, biological yield and number of pod.plant-1 with grain yield. Genotypes 4.1, 7.1 and 6.7 were identified as highly productive genotypes with grain yield of 1163.1, 1160.2 and 1154.4 (g.m-2), respectively. Genotype 4.1 had the highest leaf area index, leaf area duration and biological yield as compared with other genotypes. It is concluded that increasing grain yield in common bean can be achieved through improving the morpho-physiological characteristics. 160 Special Effect of sowing date on phenology and morphological traits of three grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivars 1 1 2011 12 4 452 466 22 02 2015 22 02 2015 In order to study the effect of sowing date on phenology and morphological traits of three grain sorghum hybrids, an experiment was conducted during 2007 growing season at research field of Agriculture faculty, Tarbiat Modares University which is located in west of Tehran, Iran. Experimental treatments were arranged in split-plot layout based on randomized complete blocks with four replications. In this research sowing date in three levels (8 June, 28 June and 18 July) were considered as main plots and grain sorghum cultivar in three levels (Payam, Sepideh and Kimia) were arranged in sub plots. Morphological traits, such as plant height, leaf area and panicle length were measured. Among Phonological traits, length of growth periods (vegetative period, initiation of 50 percent of panicle and physiological maturity) were investigated. Results showed that plant height in harvest time and panicle length was affected by sowing date (p≤0.05) and both of them obtained highest amount in 8 June sowing date. Also this sowing date had the longest vegetative period and also had the highest biological yield. Studies showed that panicle dry weight in this sowing date was taken highest level but number of seed production was lowest. Among cultivars, Sepideh had highest plant height and panicle length (p≤0.01). Also, Sepideh produced highest seed number.m-2 that explained its higher yield. Sorghum leaf area in flowering time was significantly affected by cultivar in such manner Kimia had the highest LAI in this time, although Payam and Sepideh conserved more green leaf area until harvest time. Results also showed that the length of growth periods was affected by all factors. The highest vegetative period (45 days) was obtained in first sowing date (8 June) while longest period to physiological maturity was referred to third sowing date. Second sowing date with suitable length of growing periods resulted to higher 1000 seeds weight, more seed number. m-2 (number in square meter) and higher grain yield. Among cultivars, Sepideh had suitable length of growing periods and produced the highest grain yield (6777.2 kg.ha-1). So to produce higher grain yield in this region and similar places, sowing Sepideh cultivar in mid June is recommended. 161 Special Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and biofertilizer application on yield and quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) 1 1 2011 12 4 467 481 22 02 2015 22 02 2015 In order to study the effects of different soil nutrition methods and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on grain and oil yield and fatty acid composition in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), a field experiment was conducted on research farm at college of agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran in 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 growing seasons. The experiment was studied in a split plot arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Five fertilizer treatments including 100% organic (F1), 75% organic + 25% chemical (F2), 50% organic + 50% chemical (F3), 25% organic + 75% chemical (F4), 100% chemical (F5) were randomized to the main plots and two treatments of non-bacterial inoculation (I0) and bacterial inoculation (I1) were randomly assigned as the subplots. The results showed that integrated treatments produced significantly more grain, biological and oil yield and protein content than those grown in each of organic or chemical treatments. The maximum and minimum oil contents (51.1% and 46.3%) were obtained with the 100% organic and 50% organic + 50% chemical treatments, respectively, whereas the same treatments were in the converse position for protein content (20.9% and 18.3%). Saturated fatty acids decreased significantly, while unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and oleic acid) increased in response to raising the organic manure and using biofertilizer. The highest linoleic acid (52.6%) and oleic acid (39.8) were observed in 50% organic + 50% chemical and 100% organic treatments, respectively. Application of biofertilizer increased the grain (7.8%), oil (11.3%) and biological yield, and also protein (4.9%) and oil (2.6%) content and improved the oil quality of sunflower seeds. Therefore, it seems that sunflower productivity and seed oil quality can be improved using different nitrogen nutrition methods. 162 Special Effect of planting date and source - sink limitation on grain yield and yield components in three rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars 1 1 2011 12 4 482 498 22 02 2015 22 02 2015 To study the effect of different planting dates and source-sink limitations on grain yield and its components in three rapeseed cultivars, a field experiment was conducted using split-factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications at Bayekola Research Station, Sari, Iran, in 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons. Planting dates 22 October and 01 November were assigned to main plots and three rapeseed cultivars : Hayola 401, RGS 003 and Sarigol and source-sink limitations at five levels: removing 1/3 of leaves from lower, middle and upper parts of plant, removing 1/3 of flowers and control in factorial arrangement were randomized in sub-plots. Results showed that rapeseed cultivars had very significant (P<0.01) differences for all measured traits, except for grain number.silique-1 (P<0.05). Planting date had significant effect on plant height, grain yield, silique number.plant-1 and silique length. The first sowing date was more suitable than the second date for growing rapeseed cultivars. Hayola 401 and RGS 003 had the highest grain yield (2911 and 2808 kg.ha-1) in the second cropping season, and the highest grain yield (2988 kg.ha-1) at the first planting date was related to Hayola 401. The lowest grain yield was obtained from RGS 003 (974 kg.ha-1) in 2006 cropping season and , the second planting date (1556 kg.ha-1). All treatments - significantly (P<0.01) affected the silique number.plant-1. Furthermore, all traits except silique number.plant-1 (248.08 siliques in 2007) and 1000 grain weight (4.08 g in 2007), had greater scores in 2007 in comparison with the 2006 cropping season. It seems that source limitation might not be determining factor for mentioned rapeseed cultivars, because of better yield in cutting of one third lower leaves compared to control. 163 Special Structural variation of leaf rust resistance gene Lr35 in resistant and susceptible bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes 1 1 2011 12 4 499 509 22 02 2015 22 02 2015 Leaf rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat causing grain yield loss in most of the wheat growing areas in the world. Development of resistant cultivars is one of the main approaches to control rust diseases. Understanding the genetic basis of resistance and indentifying resistance genes are essential for developement of resistant cultivars. In this study, three specific primer pairs designed based on NCBI data were used and fragments from Lr35 gene with lengths of 340 to 351 base pairs were amplified. The fragments were then cloned and sequenced. The alignment of Lr35 gene sequence revealed 93% similarity with Lr35 sequence from NCBI. In addition, the sequences showed 93% similarity to Lr21 gene from cosmid No. 69-7-1 clone of Aegilops tauschii, 87% to high molecular weight glutenin A gene from Triticum turgidum, 84% to plastid gene acetyl-CoA carboxylase from T. turgidum as well as bread wheat powdery mildew and cold tolerance genes. The fragments amplified using three primer pairs consisted of one open reading frame with lengths of 162, 156 and 160 base pairs coding proteins with lengths of 54, 52 and 54 amino acids, respectively. Structure analysis of sequences revealed the presence of leucine rich repeats which is a conserved site in plant disease resistance genes. Cluster analysis based on sequences of Lr35 gene amplified using the second primer pair could group genotypes according to their response to leaf rust. Ratios of nonsynonymous (Ka) to synonymous (Ks) nucleotide substitutions indicated the possible role of positive or diversifying selection in nucleotide diversity of this gene. Nucleotide diversity among resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes could be used to design primers based on SNPs Markers for identification of resistant and susceptible cultivars. 164 Special تجزیه ارتباط برای صفات مورفولوژیک در بادام زمینی (Arachis hypogea L.) با استفاده از نشانگرهای ریزماهواره 1 1 2011 12 4 510 519 22 02 2015 22 02 2015 Microsatellite markers were used to identify informative markers associated with traits lattice shape of pod, belly shape in pod, pod length, pod width, grain number per pod, grain weight, grain weight/pod weight, grain length, grain width, pod number per plant, grain number per plant, pod weight per plant, grain weight per plant in peanut. Thirteen SSR primer pairs amplified 80 alleles among 68 peanut genotypes, with an average of 6.15 alleles per locus. Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.47 (Locus pPGPseq-2C11) to 0.95 (Locus PM183), with an average of 0.80. Stepwise regression analysis between molecular data as independent variables, and morphological data as dependent variables was performed to identify informative markers associated with the studied traits. SSR loci associated with number of grains per plant and weight of pod per plant were the same. Loci Ah4-4, Lec and PM210 were associated with both grain length and width. The most variation of grain length (88%) was accounted by Ah4-4, Ah4-26, Lec, PM3, PM36, PM50, PM183, PM210, pPGPseq-2D12B and Ah51 markers while Ah4-4, Lec and PM210 markers were accounted for 26% of the variation of the grain width. Since all the used SSR loci except pPGPseq-2C11 showed significant association with the studied traits, therefore, it is possible to use these markers along with morphological traits in peanut breeding programs for identification of suitable parents to produce mapping populations and hybrid varieties. 165 Special Assessment of genetic diversity in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) ecotypes from central and eastern regions of Iran using SSR markers 1 1 2011 12 4 520 532 22 02 2015 22 02 2015 Genetic variation in 33 alfalfa ecotypes from central and eastern regions of Iran was assessed using SSR markers. PCR analysis was performed on genomic DNA using 10 microsatellite primer pairs. PCR products were detected using denatured polyacrylamide gel. From 62 reproducible bands identified, 52 bands were polymorphic corresponding to an average of 5 bands per locus. The proportion of polymorphism with an average of 80.64% varied from 62.5 for MTIC250 to 100 for ENOD 20. The average of polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.61. ENOD20 and MAL369471 primers had the highest PIC value (0.78 and 0.83) and the lowest one (0.37 and 0.34) in central and eastern ecotypes, respectively. Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon’s information index for both of populations were calculated and their values were 0.29, 0.3 and 0.45, 0.46, respectively. Genetic similarity was estimated using the Dice coefficient, and dendrogram was constructed using the UPGMA method. Generally, results showed that despite of the similarities of genetic structures between the ecotypes from two regions, high variation was observed among individual plants possibly due to the high allogamy (90%), insects activity (particularly bees) and pollen transmission among ecotypes. Genetic similarity between ecotypes in this study could be considered as consequeneces of genetic equilibrium that have been occurred over long time of cultivation of alfalfa in these regions as well as seed exchange among provinces.