fa اثر روش‌های کنترل علف‌های هرز بر عملکرد دانه و اجزای عملکرد بالنگوی شهری (.Lallemantia iberica F.& C.M) تخصصي Special پژوهشي Scientific & Research <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:16.0pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">در مدیریت علف‌های هرز کاهش اثرهای سوء زیست‌محیطی و افزایش کارایی علف&shy;کش&shy;ها مورد توجه است. در این پژوهش، اثر تیمارهای مدیریت علف‌های هرز بر عملکرد گیاه بالنگوی شهری مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. آزمایش به</span></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">&shy;</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک&shy;های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 95-1394 در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز اجرا شد. علف&shy;کش در دو سطح شامل عدم مصرف و مصرف علف&shy;کش تریفلورالین در کرت‌های اصلی و روش‌های کنترل علف‌های هرز در هفت سطح شامل کشت خالص بالنگوی شهری آلوده (بدون وجین) و عاری از علف هرز (با وجین)، استفاده از مالچ (خاک‌پوش) و گیاهان پوششی (بالنگوی شهری + مالچ کاه و کلش، بالنگوی شهری + عدس، بالنگوی شهری + گاودانه، بالنگوی شهری + جو، بالنگوی شهری + ماشک گل خوشه‌ای) در کرت&shy;های فرعی قرار داده شدند. نمونه‌برداری از علف&shy;های&shy; هرز مزرعه نشان داد که گونه&shy;های هرز سلمه&shy;تره، کاسنی وحشی، چسبک، توق، پیچک صحرایی و علف&shy;شور از علف‌های هرز غالب مزرعه بودند و تراکم (48 بوته در مترمربع) و وزن خشک (281/8گرم در متر مربع) علف&shy;های&shy; هرز مزرعه در کشت خالص بالنگوی شهری در تیمار عدم مصرف علف&shy;‌کش بیشترین مقدار و در تیمار مصرف مالچ کاه و کلش همراه با علف‌کش، کمترین مقدار بودند. میانگین ارتفاع بوته علف&shy;های هرز (44/5سانتی&shy;متر) در تیمار بدون وجین در حداکثر مقدار بود. مقایسه میانگین‌ها نشان داد که برای کنترل علف&shy;های هرز در مزرعه بالنگوی شهری، استفاده از مالچ کاه و کلش و گیاه پوششی ماشک گل خوشه&shy;ای باعث بیشترین کاهش در ارتفاع بوته علف&shy;های هرز شد. آلودگی علف&shy;های&shy;هرز باعث کاهش عملکرد زیستی و شاخص برداشت گیاه بالنگوی شهری شد. بیشترین مقدار عملکرد دانه مربوط به تیمار وجین دستی با مصرف علف&shy;کش (195/9 گرم در مترمربع)، بیشترین مقدار عملکرد زیستی مربوط به تیمار بدون وجین و مصرف علف&shy;کش (533/2 گرم در مترمربع) و بیشترین شاخص برداشت مربوط به تیمار کشت مخلوط بالنگوی شهری همراه با ماشک گل خوشه&shy;ای و عدم مصرف علف&shy;کش (43/4درصد) بود. نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که تیمارهای وجین دستی و مصرف علف&shy;کش تریفلورالین بیشترین اثر مثبت را بر صفات عملکردی گیاه بالنگوی شهری داشتند.</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <br> &nbsp;</div> <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:15.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Integrated w</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">eed management has been considered as a</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">n important</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> strategy to increase the effectiveness of herbicides </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">and reduce its</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> adverse environmental</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> impacts</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">.</span></span> <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">In this </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">study</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">, the effect of weed management </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">methods</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> on growth indices and harvest index of&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">d</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ragon&rsquo;s head (<i>Lallemantia iberica</i> F.</span></span> <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">& C.M.) was investigated. The experiment was carried out </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">as </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">split plots </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">layout in </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">randomized complete block design </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">with</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> three replications in </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">faculty of agriculture of Tabrize University in </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">201</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">5</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">-201</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">6 cropping season</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">. </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">T</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">wo levels of herbicides (</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">application</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> and no-</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">application</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> of </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">T</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">rifluralin </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">pre-emergence </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">herbicide) </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">was assigned to</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> main plots</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">,</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> and seven levels of </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">weed management;</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">weed infected</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(without hand weeding) </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">and </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">weed-</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">free </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(with hand weeding) d</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ragon&rsquo;s head and us</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">age</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> of mulch and cover plants (weed infected </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">d</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ragon&rsquo;s head, weed-free </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">dragon&rsquo;s head</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">, </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">d</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ragon&rsquo;s head + mulch of straw and stubble, </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">d</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ragon&rsquo;s head + </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">l</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">entil</span></span> <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(<i>Lens culinaris</i>), </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">d</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ragon&rsquo;s head</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> + </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">b</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">itter vetch (<i>Vicia ervilia</i>), </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">d</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ragon&rsquo;s head + </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">b</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">arley</span></span> <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>), </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">d</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ragon&rsquo;s head + </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">h</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">airy vetch</span></span> <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(<i>Vicia villosa</i>) were </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">randomized in sub-plots</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">. </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">S</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ampling of weeds in </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">d</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ragon&rsquo;s head </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">field showed that weed </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">species such as </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">f</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">at </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">h</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">en</span></span> <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(<i>Chenopodium album</i> L.), </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">w</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ild chicory</span></span> <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(<i>Cichorium intybus</i> L.), </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">g</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">reen </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">b</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ristle </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(<i>Setaria viridis</i> L.),</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">c</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ocklebur</span></span> <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(<i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L.), </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">f</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ield </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">b</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">indweed </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(<i>Convolvulus arvensis</i> L.) and </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">s</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">altwort </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(<i>Salsola kali</i> L.) were dominant weeds</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">.</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> The </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">highest weed </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">density (48</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> plant.m^-2</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">) and dry weight (281.8 g) in </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">d</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ragon&rsquo;s head </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">field</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> were </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">obtained in no-aplication of</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">T</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">rifluralin, and in the treatment of </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">d</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ragon&rsquo;s head + straw and stubble mulch</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">, and the lowest in application of</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> trifluralin</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> herbicide</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">. The average </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">plant </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">height of weeds (44.5 cm) was in no </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">&ndash;</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">weeding</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> treatment</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">. </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Means</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> comparison showed that among the</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> weed</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> management methods </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">using </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">straw and stubble mulch and cover </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">crop</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> of </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">h</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">airy vetch </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">significantly reduced</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">plant </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">height of weeds. Weed </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">infection</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> decrease biological yield and </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">harvest</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> index of </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">d</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ragon&rsquo;s head</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">. </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">The highest </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">seed</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> yield </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">195.9 g</span></span> <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">m^-2</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">) belonged</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> to hand weeding </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">+</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> herbicide </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">application treatment.</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">T</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">he highest biological yield </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">533.2 g</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">.</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">m^-2</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">) </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">related to without weeding </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">+</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> herbicide </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">application treatment.</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">T</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">he highest </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">harvest </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">index </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(43.4%) </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">related to mixed </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">cropping of d</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ragon&rsquo;s head with </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">h</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">airy vetch </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">+</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">no application of</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> herbicide</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> treatment. </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">The results </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">of this experiment </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">showed that </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">hand</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> weeding </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">and application of</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">T</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">rifluralin herbicide </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">were the most effective treatments in dragon&#39;s head performance.&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; بالنگوی شهری, تریفلورالین, گیاهان پوششی, مالچ و مدیریت تلفیقی علف‌های هرز Cover crops, Dragon’s head, Herbicide, Integrated weed management, Mulch and Trifluralin 88 100 http://agrobreedjournal.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-113-2&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Shafagh-Kolvanagh جلیل شفق کلوانق shafagh.jalil@gmail.com 10031947532846009297 10031947532846009297 Yes University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران Mokhtariyan رویا مختاریان Royamokhtarian@yahoo.com 10031947532846009298 10031947532846009298 No University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران Amani مینا امانی Mina76amani@yahoo.com 10031947532846009299 10031947532846009299 No University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران Nasrollahzade صفر نصرالله زاده nasr.tbu@tabrizu.ac.ir 10031947532846009300 10031947532846009300 No University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران