fa اثر روش‌های خاک‌ورزی و مصرف کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد و کیفیت علوفه تریتیکاله (X Triticosecale Wittmack) در زراعت دوم پس از برداشت برنج تخصصي Special پژوهشي Scientific & Research <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:17.0pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar="">تعیین حد بهینه مصرف کود نیتروژن و انتخاب روش مناسب خاک‌‌‌ورزی در اراضی شالیزاری، یکی از عوامل مهم و تأثیرگذار در افزایش موفقیت در زراعت دوم گیاه تریتیکاله رقم پاژ پس از برداشت برنج است. به‌منظور تعیین میزان مناسب مصرف کود نیتروژن و روش مطلوب تهیه بستر بذر، آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه پژوهشی مؤسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور- رشت در سال‌های زراعی 01-1400 و 02-1401 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل خاک‌ورزی در سه سطح (بدون خاک‌ورزی، کم‌خاک&shy;ورزی و خاک‌ورزی متداول) به‌عنوان عامل اصلی و مصرف کود نیتروژن در پنج سطح (صفر، 46، 92، 138 و 184 کیلوگرم در هکتار از منبع اوره) به‌عنوان عامل فرعی بودند. نتایج نشان داد که کمترین تعداد روز تا سبز شدن گیاهچه (8/8 روز) و بیشترین تراکم بوته در زمان برداشت (246 بوته در مترمربع) و عملکرد علوفه تر (4/38 تن در هکتار) در تیمار خاک‌ورزی متداول حاصل شد. بیشترین ارتفاع بوته (9/154 سانتی‌متر)، تعداد پنجه (1/5)، تراکم بوته (254 بوته در مترمربع)، عملکرد علوفه تر (45/2تن در هکتار) و محتوای پروتئین علوفه (17/7درصد) در تیمار 184 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار حاصل شد. بیشترین عملکرد علوفه خشک (14/7تن در هکتار) و عملکرد پروتئین (2630/3کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار خاک‌ورزی متداول و مصرف 184 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار به‌دست آمد که تفاوت معنی‌داری با تیمار کم‌خاک‌ورزی و مصرف 138 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار نداشت. نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که تیمار کم‌خاک‌ورزی و مصرف 138 کیلوگرم نیتروژن از نظر تولید عملکرد علوفه تر و خشک تریتیکاله در اراضی شالیزاری پس از برداشت برنج نسبت به سایر تیمارها برتری داشت.</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <br> &nbsp; <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:15.0pt"><span style="tab-stops:25.5pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Introduction</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">: Triticale (<i>X Triticosecale</i> Wittmack) is a cereal crop that can be cultivated in rotation with rice. The occurrence of early autumn rainfall and lack of sufficient opportunity and time for land preparation are some of the problems of second crop cultivation following rice harvest. By reducing soil tillage, it is possible to increase soil water content, and improve soil structure, and aeration. It was assumed that triticale cultivars under conditions of increasing nitrogen fertilization will respond differently to tillage methods.</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">For this purpose, the experiment was conducted to</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">d</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">etermin the optimal amount of nitrogen fertilizer application and choosing the appropriate tillage method </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">for</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">growing </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">triticale</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">cropm in rotation with rice</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span> <span dir="RTL" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Zar""></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:15.0pt"><span style="tab-stops:25.5pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Materials and Methods: </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">To study the effect of tillage methods and nitrogen fertilizer application rates on morphological traits and biological yield of triticale cv. Pazh, a field experiment was carried out as spilit plot</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications in the research site of Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Rasht, Iran, in 2021-22 and 2022-23 growing seasons. </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Experimental factors were tillage methods as main </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">plot</span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> at three levels (no-tillage, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">minimum</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> tillage, and </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">conventional </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">tillage</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">)</span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> and nitrogen fertilizer application</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> rates</span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> as subplots at five levels (</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">0</span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">46</span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">92</span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">138</span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> and </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">184</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">kg N ha^-1 from urea source).</span></span></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:15.0pt"><span style="tab-stops:25.5pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Results: </span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">R</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">esults showed that</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">t</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">he shortest </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">days to seedling emergence (8.8 days),</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> highest plant density</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">246 </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">plant.m^&minus;2) and highest fresh forage</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> yield</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(38.4 </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ton</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ha</span></span>^{<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-1</span></span>}<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">) were obtained in</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> conventional tillage plots</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. H</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ighest plant density (254 </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">plant.m^&minus;2</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">), plant height (15</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">4</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.9 cm), number of </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">tillers</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (5.1), </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">fresh forage </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">yield (</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">45.2 </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ton</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.ha^-1</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">) and protein </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">content</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (17.7 </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">%</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">)</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> were obtained by application of 184</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">k</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">g</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> N ha^-1</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">T</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">he highest dry </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">forage</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> yield (</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">14.7 ton.</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ha</span></span>^{<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-1</span></span>}<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">) and protein yield (2630.3 </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">k</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">g</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ha</span></span>^{<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-1</span></span>}<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">) were obtained through combin</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ed</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> treatment of conventional tillage and application of </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">184</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">kg N ha^-1</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">which was</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> not significant</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ly</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> differen</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">t</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">from</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> the combin</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ed</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> treatment of the minimum tillage and application of </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">138</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">k</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">g</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> N </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ha</span></span>^{<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-1</span></span>}<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Zar""></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:15.0pt"><span style="tab-stops:25.5pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Conclusion:</span></span></b><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Overall, the results of this experiment showed that us</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ing</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> the combin</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ed</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> treatment of the minimum tillage and the application of </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">138</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">k</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">g</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> N </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ha</span></span>^{<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-1</span></span>}<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> improved</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">fresh</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> and dry </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">forage</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> yield </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">of </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">triticale</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> This </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">finding </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">is very important for </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">p</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">roviding </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">proportion</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> of the livestock and poultry feed</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, increasing farmers&#39; income</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> as well as</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">improving sustainability in production </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">by </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">including triticale in as a forage crop rotation </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">in </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">monoculture paddy field.</span></span> <span dir="RTL" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Zar""></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; تریتیکاله, تناوب زراعی, شالیزار, عملکرد علوفه و کم‌خاک‌ورزی Crop rotation, Minimum tillage, Paddy field and Triticale 165 179 http://agrobreedjournal.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1022-3&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 SeyedReza Seyedi سیدرضا سیدی srseyedi1984@gmail.com 100319475328460013408 100319475328460013408 No University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران Elmira Mohammadvand المیرا محمدوند Mohammadvand@guilan.ac.ir 100319475328460013409 100319475328460013409 Yes University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران Maryam Hosseini Chaleshtori مریم حسینی چالشتری m.hosseini@areeo.ac.ir 100319475328460013410 100319475328460013410 No Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran بخش تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر، مؤسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایران Mohammad Rabiee محمد ربیعی rabiee_md.co.uk@yahoo.com 100319475328460013411 100319475328460013411 No Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran بخش تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر، مؤسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایران